No certified marathon is 42.195 kilometers long. The rules do not allow it.
A road course is measured by one person on a bicycle. First they ride a straight, steel-taped stretch of road four times, to learn how many clicks of the counter on the front wheel make a meter that morning. The answer is inflated by one part in a thousand. Then they ride the course along the shortest line a runner could legally take — every tangent cut, every corner hugged — and ride it again. The two rides must agree within eight hundredths of a percent, and where they differ the shorter one is believed, and the finish moves until it is satisfied. Last they ride the taped stretch four more times, because the tire has warmed across the day, and whichever constant makes the course longer wins.
Every fork in the procedure breaks the same way. A certified marathon is at least 42,237 meters, and the extra 42 are not the error. They are the method.
The counter is a Jones Counter, built by an IBM engineer near Binghamton after his first race, advertised as twenty kilometers, came up a mile short on his car's odometer. His nine-year-old son assembled them for a dollar apiece.
The method has teeth. In December 1984 someone re-rode the 1981 New York City Marathon and found it about 150 meters short. Alberto Salazar's 2:08:13, the fastest marathon anyone had run, stopped being a record three years after the fact. Nobody had cheated. The course had been short all along.
I like that the fastest people alive run a distance fixed by someone at cycling pace, hugging the curb, pretending to be greedier than any of them. Whatever the winner ran, the bicycle ran it first, and farther.




